My Parents

Name ID Essay #8 First Draft 4/7/2013 My parents Parents are the ones who guide the child and teach him how to live successful life; therefore, we think that for a happy couple, and for a good education for the child, two people must share many similarities and must agree on each other’s decisions. My parents have been married 18 years and they are living a successful life without any problems and I’m really proud of them. However, they are two different persons. Their differences In view of life, their personalities and their origins.My mother is a housewife woman, while my father is an IT manager. For both of them, their family is everything. For my father, he’s strict when it comes to studies and being serious. He always tries to advise me and my brothers about our studies and our futures. He is too generous and he spends the money without limits. My father loves taking trips to any place, loves discovering and enjoying life with us. My mother has another view of life that one shouldn’t spend his money on whatever.For her, money is earned in order to be spent on something useful and it always takes us a lot of effort to persuade her to take trips with us during the holidays. My parents have a similar personality when it comes to romance, they are both romantic and interested to each other. My father always remembers and loves to celebrate our birthdays; in fact, he always gives us presents and surprises. My mother is the opposite, she remembers our birthdays, but she doesn’t like to celebrate them. My father has a different personality than my mother. My father is strict, but fun in the same time.He trains us to be discipline, serious and polite. He has some rule’s house like not to come back home late at night. He’s also sever when he’s angry. For my mother, she is a fun woman and she’s not too strict with us. As her daughter, she knows everything about me and I tell her everything. She understa nds that we love freedom and we have to live our age as teenagers; therefore, she doesn’t set sever rules for us. We just should inform her of everything we do. Besides views of life and personalities, they have different origins. They are both Moroccan.They have different facial bone structure, body size and skin color than my mother. My father is Sahrawi, so he has a facial bone structure of Sahrawi, a tanned skin color and he’s thin. My mother is from Fes, so she has different facial bone structure than my father and a normal skin color. My parents are happy in their life together and never have had problems even though they have differences in some aspects. However, two persons can live a happy life together without have everything similar. The most important thing that should be similar is love’s feeling.

Major causes of unemployment Essay

â€Å"Outline the major causes of unemployment and social consequences of unemployment for the Australian economy†. There are a number of causes of unemployment, which ultimately result in both positive and negative consequences for Australias economy. These causes are outlined as follows. Economic growth is possibly the most influential factor causing unemployment. The demand for labour is a derived demand, meaning that it is determined by the level of demand for goods and services in an economy. This means that if an economy is experiencing low levels of economic growth, aggregate demand will fall, thus decreasing the demand for labour, which will result in an increase in unemployment. resulted in a strong decline in unemployment (stimulus). Australias unemployment rate is currently at 5.1%, its lowest since the 1970s (stimulus). Unemployment may also be caused by technological change This can have a negative effect on unemployment as a company may replace labour with capital in order to become more efficient. Jobs are lost as technology is now used instead, or people dont have the skills required for the new production methods therefore increasing unemployment. However, the labour force may undergo further education and training to acquire the new skills needed, thus reducing unemployment. Labour productivity is a significant factor affecting the level of unemployment. Low level of productivity tends to encourage employers to use capital in reference to labour in production therefor increasing unemployment. The cost of labour also impacts upon the unemployment rate. If the cost of labour is high, employers will replace labour with capital therefor increasing unemployment, but if it is relatively low, employers will rather choose to employ more workers, thus increasing unemployment. One of the reasons for a rapid increase in labour costs may be the inflexibility of the labour market due to regulations for e.g. 2006 IR laws resulting in higher minimum wages than would occur if wages were set through the interaction between the demand and supply of labour. In addition, the process of structural change in the economy often involves significant short term costs, unemployment. Job losses are greater in less efficient industries and in areas undergoing major reforms, such as public utilities that are being privatised. For e.g. large tariff cuts have contributed to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector. Structural change also includes reductions in protection. If local producers can no longer compete internationally there will be a rise in unemployment, however this will be beneficial to the labour market in the long term as efficient industries emerge. The unemployment rate may also occur as a result of government macroeconomic policy. The governments macroeconomic policy can influence the level of unemployment in the short to medium term, through their influence in the business cycle. With the implementation of contractionary macroeconomic policy, with budget deficits and tighter monetary policy this results in higher interest rates and less government spending leads to a slowdown in economic growth and investment causing unemployment to increase. Another reason for declining unemployment is changing participation rates and school retention rates. During an economic upswing the participation rate (labour force / working age population x 100) is known to rise as discouraged job seekers re-enter the labour force and begin to actively look for work again. This means economic growth needs to be high enough to absorb both the unemployed and those returning to the labour force for unemployment to decline. As more students are completing high school and entering tertiary education, young people are entering the work force later. This means that the size of the labour force is reduced, which improves the rate of unemployment. Furthermore, once students finish their studies and enter the labour force they have greater knowledge and skills, improving their  employment prospects. A consistently high level of unemployment has negative social effects on society, individuals and the economy. Unemployment within an economy has dire consequences on society. Increased inequality is the most severe cost within society. Unemployment tends to affect lower income earners such as the young, unskilled, indigenous Australians, regional Australia and those migrants who were born overseas. Because unemployment means a loss of income for these social class they become relatively worse off compared to higher income earners as they struggle to cater for their day to day needs, therefore contributing to poverty and overall inequality in income distribution. Unemployment is associated with many of the most serious and personal social problems in Australia. Among families and individuals, especially those who suffer from long-term unemployment, there is an increased incidence of social problems; including homelessness/housing problemssever financial hardshipfamily tensionserosion of confidence and self esteemincreased levels of debtloss of work skills making it all the more difficult to re-enter the workforceincreased social isolationpoor health, psychological disorders and suicideThese social problems have an economic cost for the community as a whole, since more resources must be directed towards dealing with them. Money to be spent on resurrecting peoples lives takes away funds from satisfying community wants. All in all, unemployment is one economic issue which has to be looked at very closely, as the consequences listed above are just some of the realities brought about by unemployment. â€Å"Discuss Australias recent unemployment performance.†Even though Australia has low unemployment rate in comparison to other OECD countries, unemployment has been a significant economic policy challenge in Australia for the past three decades. Australia began experiencing low unemployment rates during the 1960s and early 1970s, however an increase in unemployment figures gradually occurred during the mid 1970s. For the last 25 years to 2006 Australias unemployment rate has averaged 8%. However the current unemployment rate fell to its lowest in 30 years, to approximately 4.7% in 2006-2007, proving it has entered a new era of sustained unemployment due to sustained economic growth. During the 1990s the unemployment rate peaked at 10.7%, the highest level since the great depression due to the severe recession in Australia and the global economy. Falling AD resulted in the closure of many firms and cutbacks in production, which led to cutbacks in labour therefore increasing unemployment. Australias slow progress on unemployment during this period was also due to the strength of labour productivity growth which meant businesses were able to increase their output without hiring new staff. Through the extensive structural change and micro economic reform unemployment during this period worsened. As new technologies emerged and production techniques changed people who lost their job found it more difficult to obtain new jobs in emerging industries. Since the 1990s recession, Australias unemployment levels have been falling gradually due to its consistent economic growth levels over the past 15 years bringing unemployment to its minimum level of approximately 4.8%. Australia needs economic growth rates of at least 3.75% in order to make progress in reducing unemployment. This only occurs as unemployment can only be reduced if AD (economic growth) exceeds the total of productivity growth plus growth in the labour force. This relationship is mainly referred to as Okuns Law. Since the beginning of this decade, productivity growth has been much slower, which has meant the unemployment rate has continued to fall even though economic growth has only averaged around 3%. Over the last 5 years, Australias unemployment rate has remained below the OECD average but many countries still have lower unemployment levels including Ireland New Zealand  and Japan. â€Å"Assess the policy options available to the government to achieve a sustained reduction in the level of unemployment†The labour markets ability to sustain low unemployment is a result of improved Macroeconomic Policy frameworks and extensive Microeconomic Reform over a long period of time. Macroeconomic Policy allows the government to alter aggregate demand in the economy through the use of Monetary and Fiscal Policy. As 8 out of the last 9 budgets have achieved a Fiscal Balance, our 2004-05 Budget has a relatively small surplus with payments being sent, totalling to 1% of GDP, at the end of the financial year and the cash rate has been below 5.5% for 39 months the Howard government have held Macroeconomic Policy in expansionary ground for a substantial period of time. This has resulted in 13 years of strong sustainable economic growth and, thus, elimination of cyclical unemployment. Monetary Policy assists by smoothing out the business cycle and reducing fluctuations in aggregate demand. The RBA has chosen to maintain low interest rates because of the effects higher interest rates would have on unemployment, among other factors. Over the past three years Australia experienced a Real Estate boom. This has resulted in a major growth in debt and construction in Australia. An increase in interest rates for many of the heavily indebted would dramatically reduce their disposable incomes, hence reducing aggregate demand and causing unemployment. Also within the last 12 months 9 out of every 10 jobs created was in construction, meaning massive job loss should interest rates rise. Furthermore this will affect many other industries such as retail and whitegoods, which have benefited from this increased demand. Fiscal Policy enables the government to inject revenue into regions or specific groups within the economy. The Budget 2004-05 aims to address demands by increasing participation and productivity through a number of initiatives. One of the major incentives that will impact upon unemployment is the reduction of the Welfare Trap. This addresses mainly low and  middle-income families that remain unemployed, as they are financially better off just receiving welfare. The package will increase the incentives to take on additional work, seek advancement, acquire skills and ultimately increase the labour force participation rate. Microeconomic Policies are policies aimed at individual industries that are seeking to improve efficiency and productivity of the producers. These have allowed governments to deregulate the Labour Market as previously the over-regulated and inflexible labour market and wage determination process was viewed as damaging to the Labour Market. The introduction of the WORKPLACE RELATIONS ACT 1996 aims to decentralise the Workplace Relations System by discouraging the use of third parties, such as the AIRC. Instead the Australian Government are encourging encouraging employers and employees to reach outcomes based on the circumstances of their particular enterprise or organisation. Formal collective agreements can be made directly between employers and employees, known as Australian Workplace Agreements. Although these agreements must meet a global no-disadvantage test, to ensure the agreement isnt unlawful or less favourable, the agreement is largely between the employer and employee. Workplace agreements have contributed to improved productivity, higher real wages and greater access to family-friendly provisions. Previously rigid award regulations have been simplified. A safety net is ensured, providing minimum standards to protect employees (especially the low-paid). The actual terms and conditions are, however, determined by an agreement at the workplace. The WORKPLACE RELATIONS ACT also makes compulsory union membership illegal, allowing employees greater fredom of choice. This has also contributed to the declining power of the unions. The WORKPLACE RELATIONS ACT now protects businesses from unlawful industrial action. This has lead to reducing strikes to the lowest levels in Australias history. Unfair dismissal laws have been replaced with a new fair go all  round law, as it was found this law had contributed to the loss of at least 77,000 jobs in small businesses. Through the introduction of the Job Network inefficiencies of job training and placement were reduced. With more efficient Labour market Services the unemployed were able find desired positions faster, hence reducing Frictional unemployment. The Work-for-the-Dole Scheme is part of the Howard Governments mutual obligation principle. This requires 18 to 24 year olds that have been on benefits for more than six months to participate in and activity in addition to job search. This has assisted over 200,000 unemployed to rebuild self-confidence, and develop work ethic and skills Although this does encourage regeneration of work habits the Work-for-the-Dole Scheme conveys very few technical or vocational skills. The New Apprenticeship Scheme has also benefited by organising apprenticeships for 70% of school leavers that dont go to university. The Government also provides businesss that employ those previously unemployed with wage and training subsidies to provide incentive for employers taking a risk on the unemployed. Bibliography -Australian Department of Foreign Affairs & Trade (http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia/index.html – Australian Facts). http://www.oecd.org/country/0,3021,en_33873108_33873229_1_1_1_1_1,00.htmlhttp://www.oecd.org/document/28/0,2340,en_2649_34569_37147228_1_1_1_1,00.htmlBooks-† TIm Dixon† Australian Economics 2007

Contemporary issue related to a sociological theory Term Paper

Contemporary issue related to a sociological theory - Term Paper Example The society is made of individuals and the cultural and societal norms is based on the shared meanings and understanding of the individuals within the society. This indicates that the shared meanings create the values placed on objects that society purchases and consumes. This also directs the consumer behavior, by which the private owners take advantage of, monopolizing the production and the market for certain products, like cellular phones or internet connection. Marx’s theory of commodity fetishism explains how products are given their values, how it affects the structure of capitalism and how these values and the exchange of value affects the social structure existing in the society. Fetishism is defined as an unusual display of devotion or intense attachment towards a certain object believing that it possesses extraordinary abilities and power (Morrison, 2006). Marx argues that individuals tend to fixate on objects believing that they have inherent value, something that is extraordinarily powerful. This makes the object valuable, according to the value the society placed on it. Capitalism is seen to promote the values of objects according to the group that owns the means of production. The value of each product or service is based on how capitalist see the product’s value and how the masses would accept the product. One good example for this is when the sms became a worldwide phenomena. Aside from the benefits and features along with it, everybody was going gaga over texting. Everything has its price and value, but in a sociological approach such as marking strategies, these capitalists create the want and the need of their products in the market. By attacking the market in a psychological manner creating the want, the value of a service and product will be set by these capitalist. This is an advanced strategy in business. In addition to that,

Personal Learning Achievement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Learning Achievement - Essay Example Moreover, I was engaged in team development activities through which I achieved trust and team loyalty. 1. Type of course activities helped me achieve those criteria Commitment, open-mindedness, dedication and readiness to learn are the main attributes that helped me meet the expectations of each activity. My greatest achievement was the realization that effective interpersonal communication is valuable when team members lend each other a listening ear while at the same time establishing conclusions on one another’s input. It is also precise that if a member tries to outshine others, effective interpersonal communication may not be achieved. Self-regulation is a key personal aspect that should prevail. Through group work, I was able to handle long and tough tasks that could not be solved by individuals (Duke & Appleton, 2000). 2. How I met the service, scholarship, or social change expectation through each activity as related to the framework's learning outcomes The service, s cholarship, or social change expectation outcomes were achieved through participation in service programs. Scholarship enables one to acquire knowledge and use it properly without disruptions. This allowed for easy interaction between research, theory and practice. I am able to communicate effectively and I can manage information technology tools for professional delivery of nursing services. Through the training, I have changed positively and I now understand better the patient needs and how I should handle them from a social perspective. 3. The insights I have about where I started, where I am now, and where I may go. How I would write my personal and professional goals now When I first went to practice, I had a negative attitude because I felt that the profession is too demanding especially in patient management. I thought the occupation created prolonged necessities and specialized training. There was the nagging thought of self-inefficiency, I felt like I did not have enough bo dy of knowledge to handle the numerous responsibilities and roles that I was supposed to perform. However, through this training, I have come to understand what a professional does. The skills that range from talking to listening are now clear to me. I have realized that nursing is an interactive profession, which involves interfaces with patients. Through (Kohl, 2000), I comprehended that confidentiality arises from a distinct relationship that is established between the patients and their caregivers. In this way, patients are free to seek medical attention, counseling, advice and treatment. However, I have realized that nurses have to tolerate aspects of hope, failure, fears and dreams that are presented by patients. The nurses take up this idiosyncratic dimension of professional life in meditative writing. I now know that nursing is one of the professions that need endless advancements. It calls for an all-time learning, which makes use of distinct understanding and skills. SUMMA RY OF THE LAST QUESTION 4. How my perception of the nursing profession was, my chosen specialty, and who I am as a nurse changed on this journey to become a master's-prepared nurse Initially I had an exceptionally different perception on nursing as a profession. I thought nursing as a profession does not require any drive or passion to pursue it. However, as I embarked on the course I realized that nursing requires more than the urge of pursuing it. In essence, nursing requires passion and

Community Development and Policy In Ireland Essay

Community Development and Policy In Ireland - Essay Example Currently, as from 1990 the community development process has shifted; it is now emphasizing poverty reduction, closer relationships within the state and a central social life. This period also has seen the community development sector being formalized and turned to being run professional.2 Community development in Ireland has brought a lot of positive impacts in the community there are numerous indictors and quantitative evidence to support this. Development has enabled development of infrastructures and also has enhanced considerable amounts of community activities and projects. There are various concepts defining community development, others reflect community development as political. Community development is a process by which those marginalized are given an opportunity to have confidence and join others by participating in their problem solving. This is according to Combat Poverty group. Another scholar Lee argues that, this concept is based on perceptive of citizenship3. To him, community development is a way by which the community can attain they rights. These concepts in general refer to community participation. Another important concept is the Budapest declaration of 2004, which sees community development as means of empowering civil societies by giving priority to the community actions. This involves social and also economic aspects. The concept sees the community as more than being just located in an area. Though the concepts vary community development represents a structure in which the communities may express their view on the local level. To Ed gar another scholar says, that community development is a result of collective mobilization as a response to growing feelings of disconnections by the societies Community development history in Ireland Community development is Ireland can be traced back to 1930s as cooperative development movement that was based of theory of self help. Between 60s and 90s the community development in Ireland gained significant growth's during this period community development put emphasizes on unemployment and self help and direct action. These initiatives were taken because of the perceived failure by the traditional approaches in talking poverty. Lee observes that, the movement of women formed in the 70 was an important aspect in advancing direct action.4 During this period associations concerned with poverty were formed. The authorities also got involved in tackling poverty by promoting organizations involved in community development. This lead to formation of a poverty reduction project through the European Union termed as "EU Poverty 2 programme," that lead to establishing of community development fund. The impact of varying community bodies such as sports and arts have increased the community responsiveness to community issues for example, racism, drugs, bulling and alcoholism, in an entertaining way, that is accessible to many people. As it has been observed in Ireland, the most active group that participate in these community activities are the youths, and the sports and arts programme has integrated them. Policy framework for community development The purpose of developing a frame work is to have a base or a foundation of working with a community. The frame work is not limited on local issues, but also

Building Hisense brand equity through selected marketing programmes- A Thesis

Building Hisense brand equity through selected marketing programmes- A study on the relationship among brand equity, marketing mix elements and consumer respons - Thesis Example er to test the defined structural research framework and research hypotheses empirical research was conducted on the sample of Hisense consumers in Johannesburg, South Africa. The Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and the multiple regression statistical method with the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 11.0) are used to analyze the data. The concept of brand equity has received significant attention from both scientists and marketing practice, which resulted in a large number of articles and books on the subject (e.g. Aaker, 1991 and 1996; Aaker and Keller, 1990; Farquhar1990; Aaker and Biel, 1993; Keller, 1993; Agarwal and Rao, 1996; Yoo et al., 2000; Morgan, 2000; Rio, et al., 2001; Datta, 2003, Moore et al., 2002; Keller, 2003). The importance of brand equity consists of numerous benefits for companies that own brands. One of the benefits provided by high brand equity is the possibility of brand extension to other product categories. Generally, brand extension is defined as the use of an existing brand name for entry into a new product category (Aaker and Keller, 1990). When compared to new brand names, brand extensions have lower advertising costs and higher sales (Smith and Park, 1992). Successful brand extensions contribute to higher brand equity of the original brand (Dacin and Smith, 1994; Keller and Aaker, 1992); However, unsuccessful extensions may reduce the brand equity of the parent brand (Aaker, 1993; Loken and John, 1993). Aaker and Keller (1990) developed a model for consumer evaluation of brand extensions and a number of authors worked on generalization of this model (Barrett et al., 1999; Bottomley and Doyle, 1996; Sunde and Brodie, 1993). In addition, brand equity increases (1) willingness of consumers to pay premium prices, (2) possibility of brand licensing, (3) efficiency of marketing communication, (4) willingness of stores to collaborate and provide support, (5) elasticity of consumers to price reductions, and (6) inelasticity

Introduction to Cultural Anthropology - Book Review Literature

Introduction to Cultural Anthropology - Book - Literature review Example Yet Barley doesn’t think that the anthropologists who are so respected for having lived among exotic cultures contribute very much to the body of knowledge of anthropological study. Barley comes off as being against the idea of fieldwork from the start, and paints it as something that is unduly revered and not tremendously useful for modern anthropological study. He then explains that despite these misgivings, he did what was expected of him and went into the field to do his own direct observation of a little known culture. He gives a harrowing and often hilarious account of his trials and tribulations, first of his attempts to get his course of study approved, then his attempts to get into Cameroon and deal with the odd practices of African bureaucracy, and then of his time living with the Dowayo people. This book gives the anthropological account of the Dowayo people that Barley was expected to collect during his stay with them in Cameroon, but it also serves as a cautionary tale about giving undue reverence to anthropological fieldwork. Most importantly, it gives a realistic and funny look at what anthropologists who are just starting out in the field can expect, or rather a warning about all the things that they can never expect. It is especially of interest to anthropology students and working anthropologists, but it is also a great read for practically anyone, whether they are people who are interested in anthropology, people who want to learn about tribal cultures from around the world, or just people who enjoy a good comedy. The best part of The Innocent Anthropologist is the sharp and witty writing style. It serves as both a contribution to academic knowledge and as a biting satire of certain academic practices at the same time. Barley draws the readers in and brings us along for the ride. Through his sharp eyes we see the hilarious absurdities and strange ironies he encounters in his quest to become a ‘real’ anthropologist. The boo k also paints a fascinating picture of the Dowayo people. Through Barley’s eyes we get to take a look at a unique culture, with very different ideas about the most basic parts of language and life. It practically boggles the mind to see how differently the Dowayo think about things our culture takes for granted, like hypothetical questions. It serves to teach us that our way of thinking is not the only way of thinking, and that even ideas that we think are so simple as to be a given are not necessarily universal. The only weaknesses I could see in the book were that Barley didn’t only joke about not liking fieldwork; he genuinely seemed to detest it, and always seemed somewhat contemptuous of the people he lived with and observed for so long. While the picture he painted of the Dowayo was fascinating, the author’s tone always hinted at condescension and superiority. I was expecting a revelation at some point that he saw redeeming qualities in the people, but tha t moment never really came to any satisfactory degree. As a reader I was more interested in the Dowayo people than the writer ever seemed to be. He tells of times when hearing their explanations for things like illnesses â€Å"annoyed [him] beyond all measure† (Barley 1980:114). The author does his best to paint a picture of a love/hate relationship, and wants to do his best to get into the work the way that he is supposed to, but it is clear that

Decartes' Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Decartes' Argument - Essay Example We look at and feel the objects around us with our senses- thus our senses are the gateway to understand the phenomena of the world. However, our senses and perceptions are defined in different ways. Sometimes we do not feel the same way about certain things at different times. As we grow from our infancy to adulthood and beyond, our perceptions change with time, our experiences, and learning. Therefore, we cannot depend upon our senses to comprehend or understand the nature of objects or the world itself. Our senses give us a limited knowledge about other objects or ourselves. For instance, we can sense or feel physical or emotional pain through our senses; yet we cannot ascertain the duration of pain from our previous experiences. This is an everyday example that manifests the limitation of trusting our senses. Descartes argued that passion led by reason can be trusted to a greater extent. This is because with each new experience, we learn something new about the way we perceive the world with our senses. If our reasoning faculty is in charge of our senses, we can broaden the areas where we can trust our senses. The claim is that if, in any particular case, the teachings of nature were untrustworthy, then the veracious God would have given us the means to correct it... we can ... trust the teachings of nature and believe that our sensations proceed from bodies, in spite of the fact that our inclinations are not always trustworthy. But, when another faculty, reason, of course, gives us the means to correct the teachings of nature, then they must be rejected... In the end, Descartes uses sensation to establish the existence of bodies, he is very careful to claim that sensation, by itself, does not establish the nature of bodies. (Rorty, 106) This is where other philosophers object to Descartes argument. He believes that senses do not belong to the material world as they keep changing with the change in objects; or sometimes convey incorrect perception of

History of Pueblo Revolt Essay Example for Free

History of Pueblo Revolt Essay â€Å"Every piece of written history starts when somebody becomes curious and asks questions.†[1] In Weber’s compilation he gathers several of these curious peoples works and binds their writings together to form a sort of continued discussion. Arguing from different sources and coming from different backgrounds, they indubitably arrive at different conclusions. From Garner to Gutià ©rrez and from Chà ¡vez to Knaut, they all are part of a continued dialogue on what that caused the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. By addressing the readings as a sum instead of individual accounts, one can gain a more detailed view. While some poke holes in others theories, most of the time, the writers simply offer different perspectives. The vast range of the arguments speak to the difficulty of the topic. Examining an event (or series of events, as the case may be) 300 years ago is an arduous task, but trying to determine causation of such events is even more cumbersome. Typically numerous factors exist and to give these factors any sort of rankings requires a fair bit of perspiration on the part of the researcher. This essay will attempt to evaluate this eclectic mix of commentaries to sift out the strong arguments from the weak. In 1598, when Juan de Oà ±ate arrived in northern New Mexico with a small group of colonists to Pueblo country, Spain demanded payment of tribute and the friars demanded allegiance of religion. For over 80 years Spanish lived with Pueblo before the revolt multiple generations.[2] As Knaut points out, that as â€Å"colonists were isolated from the south in a land where indigenous inhabitants numbered in the tens of thousands†, meaning there was plenty of contact between the two groups.[3] Within that time families intermarried, and a large mestizo population arose, creating an intersection in the Venn diagram of early New Mexico. What Knaut argues in Acculturation and Miscegenation is not necessarily as hard as the others to prove who or what caused the revolt, but rather works in earnest to present what he sees as the creation of a mixed culture, with syncretism occurring on both sides. Perhaps in this essay more questions that answers are created why after 82 years of livin g together would the Pueblos revolt? Garner has a more direct answer to this question. He, unlike Knaut, does not spend as much time underlining the syncretism that occurs, but spends more time examining the relationship between Pueblo and Franciscan, and reigning in the perhaps unfair harshness of previous works in relation to the government. Garner believed that drought, famine and Apache raids caused the revolt, shedding the competing notions that religious incompatibility or having a suitable leader as primary causes.[4] The two arguments in the proceeding articles before Garner that religion was the primary cause fall flat from Garner’s lens. In one instance, he cites the friction between Father Isidro Ordonez and Governor Pedro de Peralta as a result of the governments unfair treatment of the Indian. Peralta eventually decides to have Ordonez arrested, but the colonists (or ecomenderos) proceed to abandon the governor.[5] Garner goes on that governors of early New Mexico are interpreted in a negative light primarily because â€Å"documents are strongly biased against them.†[6] He explains that the reason that these documents are so biased is because of the natural tension between the writers of these records, the Franciscans, and those whom they wrote about, the governors.[7] Garner continues to impress that the Franciscans were the friend to the Indian and foe to the governor. He cites Scholes who states, â€Å"the religious and economic motives of empire were antagonistic if not essentially incompatible.† Having earlier established a different relationship structure than what was typically seen, (a shift from the Hispanic-Pueblo dichotomy to a more complex relationship of priest-Indian-mestizo-colonist-governor) Garner then moves on to the crux of the issue the cause of the revolt. â€Å"The kind of peace that had been pervading New Mexico was contingent upon relative prosperity,† writes Garner. The Spanish had used their organizational skills to create surpluses in the Pueblo economy but the famine of 1670 was so implacable it essentially collapsed the system. The drought of the 1660s the precursor to the famine was so severe it caused â€Å"Indians and Spanish alike to eat hides and straps,† as written by Fray Francisco de Ayeta in an account to the King. In the face of such an oppressive environment, Indians naturally began to question why Spanish controlled their food source. This, coupled with a new emphasis on nativism, turned up the heat and brought the already tense situation to a simmer. This movement towards nativism perhaps may have been a reaction to Indian culture sprouting up in both mestizo and Spanish life. Garner continues on this thread noting that Governor Lopez de Mendizabal was forced to â€Å"crack down on Pueblo religious and cultural activity.† While syncretism among the Pueblos was tolerable, among the Spanish it was viewed as inexcusable. These two factors were the foci of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.[8] In contrast, the setting that Bowden and Gutià ©rrez attempt to construct in their essays is a religious clash, one that, while not noticeable immediately, was exacerbated by the droughts and famine. After introducing the essay, Bowden then discusses the similarities of the Pueblo religion, and then highlights some of the missteps the Franciscans took in their interactions and, most of all, the conversion process. First they insisted that the Pueblos should learn Spanish, and â€Å"almost without exception,† failed to make any attempt to learn native language. Also, they instituted mandatory mass attendance for all Indians but strangely not all Spaniards. On top of this, leaders who continued practicing the previous traditions were whipped or executed.[9] (27-28) Bowden raises a number of valid points the Franciscans do not appear to be the same persons that protested against the injustices to the Pueblos by the Governor Peralta. Rather, they seem to be creators of an oppressive environment that was quite insensitive to the Pueblo people. However, if you note Bowden’s sources, he cites textbooks for his long diatribe. Garner, in contrast, relies heavier on topic specific articles written by respected names such as France V. Scholes and Jack D. Forbes. While Bowden’s sources are legitimate, he seems to be using information that is more generalized, and not as focused on the relevant issues. Gutià ©rrez points to â€Å"loss of authority† among the Franciscans as the central reason for the revolt.[10] He notes that this gradual loss of power began in 1640s. Because of the uncertainty and unease that followed, the Friars pushed for more drastic measure to balance out this loss of power a crackdown on syncretism and an emphasis on martyrdom. But the connections that Gutià ©rrez makes are weak; he points to the loss of power in the 1640s, but does not cite any kind of example to support his point until 1655.[11] In addition, most of examples of this â€Å"loss of authority† do not come until the mid 1660s and the early 1670s in the midst of drought, quarreling among Spaniards and attacks by Athapascan raiders. And Gutià ©rrez’ examples of Franciscan brutality arise, interestingly enough, around the time that Garner points to heavy handed response by the Spanish to combat syncretism. Gutià ©rrez’ illustrations seem to support Garner’s idea of the Indians being â€Å"like children in a new world and entrapped in the struggle between the Franciscans and Hispanic community.†[12] Angà ©lico Chà ¡vez provides yet another take on the Pueblo Revolt. While Gutià ©rrez, Garner and Bowden all spend considerable time on relations, Chà ¡vez as his title Pohà ©-yemo’s Representative and the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 puts much more emphasis on establishing a new leader as a primary cause of the Pueblo revolt. Chà ¡vez seems to avoid tackling the revolt squarely (like Knaut) partly because he devotes most of his time supporting his argument for Domingo Naranjo as the leader (arguably 21 of the 24 pages). Despite Chà ¡vez lengthy narrative supporting Domingo Naranjo, the black leader with yellow eyes, many scholars reject this notion, because it seems to runs counter to what most sources suggest. Historian Stefanie Beninato agrees that Naranjo was a leader, but â€Å"one of several† as â€Å"the concept of a single leader is not viable in the theocratic social structure of the Pueblo world.†[13] Garner too, while recognizing Popà © as instrumental, rejects the idea that he was a â€Å"unique Indian leader,† but rather he arose out of necessity, as opposed to the creation of necessity.[14] While, many critique Chà ¡vez’ uncommon interpretation, it reminds one to reexamine the mestizo and mulatto population in New Mexico. Naranjo, real or not, represents the truth that the black/white Pueblo/Hispanic definition was increasingly blurred in the years leading up to the revolt, and an entirely different culture had emerged. Pohà ©-yemo had multiple windows in to this culture of multiplicity. Garner’s essay seems to be built around the most logic because his essay points to lack of basic necessities as the true cause of the revolt. When there is enough food and prosperity people get along. When there is a shortage, it pushes groups to exceptional measures. Rarely has a revolt occurred without certain factors mitigating access to peoples’ basic needs. Garner also spends ample time with the battle itself, and provides plenty of evidence of to why it was a success; particularly because of the cultural coexistence with the Spanish. Garner is not without flaw he fails to address certain issues, notably that of the presence of a larger mestizo culture. While he acknowledges it somewhat, he seems more preoccupied with the Franciscan-ecomedero versus government dynamic. This oversight, however excusable, provides good reason for holding onto multiple sources while dissecting historical events such as these. In the absence of primary documents, the importance of rigorous scholarship is especially crucial. To hold the works of these â€Å"curious† scholars together stresses the value for careful thought and due diligence.

Cowboys and Indians †Clara Madsen Essay Example for Free

Cowboys and Indians – Clara Madsen Essay 1) Resume The story Cowboys and Indians is about a girl, who is at her grandmothers funeral. She doesnt feel very comfortable, so she calls her cousin David to come and rescue her. He is a real rebellion and he picks her up on his motorcycle. Their first stop is at a bar where they drink a couple of shots and a beer. Then they drive of again. At the second stop they smoke a joint and talk about their grandmother, and how David feels stuck in his life. Then they gets hungry and decides to eat at a little takeout stand. There are sitting two old women. They tell that the wind brings devil spirits and they think that David and the narrator brought it with them. Then they drive home, and says their goodbye outside the house. David doesnt want to deal with the family. 2) Characterize The Narrator is a girl with two personalities. She have learned to behave so she can fit in the society, but she is an outlaw. Almost like David. She hasnt found her right identity yet, so she is living a kind of double life? Already in the beginning she knows that she is old enough to help ind the house and talk to people, but she just want to escape. Our grandfather, the patriarch of the family, despised us both. (l. 57) The grandfather also thinks that she is different even though she tries to hide it. The narrator is also an little naive, because she believes in almost everything David tells her. She wants to be tough and cool, when she is around him but she is often a little insecure.

The Role Of The Freedmens Bureau

The Role Of The Freedmens Bureau The Freedmens Bureau as it was commonly referred to, was established on the 3rd of March 1865 under the United States War Department as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. Its primary function was to take into account and provide practical assistance to the millions o former slaves in the south as they made their transition from bondage to freedom. The bureau was recognized by the influence of the Northerners, who had organized private organizations during the war and had also influenced the Congress after emancipation to relieve the distress of the freed people and assume the responsibility for their welfare as early as 1863.1 To simply put it, the bureau was to aid the freed people to gain land ownership, enfranchise them and help them to establish institutions that were beneficial to them. One of the first tasks of the Freedmens Bureau proved to say the least to be intimidating as it operated in regions ravaged by war and the acute competition of visions that were conflicting in the postwar southern society, one white and one black. As there seemed to be a supposed ready acceptance to the emancipation act in the south, this differed however as Southern whites feared that with this new order it would include full social and political equality for the blacks. In order to eliminate white supremacy over the blacks and protect their interests the bureau set up official offices in each southern state, even though there was a lack of adequate man power or financial resources for such an enormous undertaking. The bureau also had to work to persuade the southern states to recognize racial equality in their own judicial proceedings therefore the bureau had to monitor state and local legal affairs in the face of the Black Codes of 1865 and 1866 as the planters were being inflexib le.2 Another task of the bureau that was the important and main steps that were needed to be taken was the acquisition of land for the freed people. As according to Meier and Rudwick (1966) the freed people had not placed much emphasis on their civil and political rights, as their eyes were more set on acquiring their own land to cultivate. As the freedmens desire Meier and Rudwick states further was for land and it mirrored the American faith in property and land ownership. The freed people before being emancipated were bound to the soil and its cultivation, hence to them freedom meant that in order for them to get ahead in the race they associated freedom in itself the farming of their own land. Economically, to say the least freed people were put into a difficult and subsequently unique position as they were freed and found themselves in often times without work, therefore some southern planters did provide the freed people land with the consequence of working long contracts for extrem ely low wages.3 This influenced the Freedmens Bureau to answer the demands for labour by the planter class for the cultivation of land instituted a judicial system that would be fair to both parties by establishing their own authority with local agents, therefore a contract was constructed between the freed people and their employers in order to protect and allow the freed people to receive fair wages from the planters, also the setting up of temporary three-man courts in order to hear individual disputes between the white employers who were dealing for the first time with black employees.4 The content of the contract stipulated terms to which the planters had to arrange free transportation for the freed people from congested areas and provide the necessity of work in order for the freedmen to provide for their families, security and independence. These contract dealings led the bureau to aid Franklin (1967) states over 30, 000 persons to the abandoned lands in 1870, though some were returned to the ir previous owners under the Amnesty proclamations by Lincoln and Johnson. Because of the atmosphere in which the Bureau worked in the South were one of hostility, and the maintenance of the agency proved to be rather expensive by the Northerners. Franklin noted duly that the Northerners argued that the Bureaus existence was unable to be justified even in times of peace as the Southerners opposed fervently and openly of interference of the federal government with the relations between the worker and his employer. Some historians concluded that the establishing of the Bureau was a direct link to a political program for enfranchising the Blacks and, also establishing a strong Republican party in the South. The Bureau also aided refugees and freedmen by furnishing supplies and medical services, established schools and churches. In Louisiana according to Taylor, for example, the Freedmens Bureau tried hard to reduce the pangs of hunger of the blacks and poor whites. He goes on to explain that the Louisiana official had no appropriation, thus it derived its income from various seized properties and also from a tax of two dollars from the planter and three dollars from the labourer. Foner (1975) also rubs two cents in to say that free blacks who were skilled found themselves restricted from the trade they learnt under enslavement and unlike that of the white craftsmen blacks were taxed to special taxation as and were shown hostility as they were prohibited from the most profitable occupations and enterprises. Between 1865 and 1869, Franklin and Taylor, both noted that the Bureau also played its role of relieving the suffering amongst the freed people, as twenty million rations were issued to which approximately a quarter of the rations went to the poor needy whites and three quarts of the rations went to the blacks. These rations consisted of one bushel of corn and eight pounds of pork per month for adults, half as much for children, there was also the occasional issues of vinegar, sugar, vegetables, and coffee. There were also restrictions for ration collection for about a week as able-bodied persons were only allowed to receive and no more. Another challenge facing the blacks in the South was the abysmal lack of health care services. The Bureau attempted to strengthen existing medical care facilities as well as expand services into rural areas through newly established clinics. In 1867 there were 46 established hospitals by the Bureau and was staffed with physicians, surgeons, and nurses, under the medical department the Bureau spent over two million dollars to improve However the greatest success of the Freedmens Bureau in assisting the freed people was in education. The bureau founded over 4000 schools, from elementary grades to college, charging no fees and at most times furnished free textbooks that came from the north through philanthropic and religious organizations. Nearly a quarter of a million freed people received varying amounts of education while white southerners opposed these activities by the bureau as they believed that blacks were unable to absorb book learning. Among the schools that had inward funding by the Bureau were Howard University, Hampton Institute, St. Augustines College, Atlanta University, Fisk University, Storer College, and Johnson C. Smith University.5 Between 1869 and 1870 there were a total of 9,503 teachers both whites from the north and black freed people, along with approximately 247,333 pupils in the education system. When the bureau stopped its supported in 1870, Franklin (1967) had evidence that showed a mar ked increase in attendance, and advance in scholarship, and a record of punctuality and regularity which compared favourably with the schools of the north. The black churches also aided the Freedmens Bureau in the education aspect of the freed people. Despite its short existence, the bureau played a critical role in defining the meaning of freedom for some four million former slaves. Charged with exercising control of all subjects relating to refugees and freedmen from the rebel states, its activities were countless. It provided issues of provisions, clothing and fuel to refugees, freedmen, and their wives and children; it assisted in reuniting black families; it supervised labour agreements between blacks and their former masters; it monitored state and local officials treatment of the former slaves; it established informal tribunals to settle disputes between whites and blacks and among African Americans themselves; it instituted clinics and hospitals for the former slaves; and it aided efforts to provide freed people education in the Civil Wars immediate aftermath. The most lasting failure of Reconstruction governments was not political but, it was social. They failed to alter the Souths social structure or its distribution of wealth and power. Government policies, rather than being too severe, were not thorough enough to win full and permanent equality for Afro-Americans. Regardless of all these dissolution of the Freedmans Bureau, its legacy still lives on through historically black colleges and universities, from approximately 1866 until its termination in 1872, an estimated 25 institutions of higher learning for black youth were established,[9] many of which remain in operation today. John H. Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: A history of Negro Africans. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 1967), 306 A. Meier E.M. Rudwick, From Plantation to Ghetto: An Interpretive History of American Negro.( New York: Hill and Wag Publishers, 1966), 139 Foner, Philip. History of Black Americans. (London and Westport: Greenwood Press, 1975), 513 John H. Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: A history of Negro Africans. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 1967), 308 Ibid.,

Debate Over the Legal Drinking Age Essay -- Alcohol Essays Research Pa

The Debate Over the Legal Drinking Age College life is filled with changes. It is filled with many new experiences. As college students, we are on our own, adults. As adults we are responsible for keeping up to date on information that affects us. One issue that affects college students nation wide is drinking. The current legal drinking age in the United States is twenty-one years of age. The Federal government raised the legal drinking age from 18 to 21 in 1984. Even with the current drinking age at twenty-one, many people under that age choose to drink anyway. In fact, a government survey from 1996 showed that 56% of high school seniors reported drinking in the last 30 days (Hanson). With so many underage drinkers, many people believe that the drinking age should be lowered, stating that people are going to drink, regardless of the legal age. Still others see the high number of underage drinkers as a sign that the legal age needs to stay where it is and stricter laws need to be implemented. With the extremely high numb er of underage drinking, we can assume that the current drinking age is relatively ineffective, and therefore we must ask ourselves: should the drinking age be lowered, or should we revise policies to make the current age more effective? It is important to view all sides of the issue before deciding which side to be on. We must look responsibly at the issue instead of saying that the drinking age should be lowered, simply because we are under 21. The current drinking age has many debatable sides, or approaches which need to be examined. Those approaches include lowering the drinking age because the current policies don?t work, lowering the drinking age because it would lead to more responsible drinking, kee... ...drinking age should be lowered: An opinion based upon research. 1998. Oct 13 2002. <www.indiana.edu/engs/articles/cqoped.html>. Hanson, D. J. .. Youth Alcohol Policy. 1997. Oct 13, 2002. <http://www.2potsdam.edu/alcohol-info/InMyOpinion/YouthPolicy.html>. Kirby, Robert. "Study Confirms Parents' Suspicions: Teens Have as Much Sense as a Rock." The Salt Lake Tribune 1 August 2002: E1. McArdle, Paul J.. "A Lower Drinking Age Wouldn't Lead to Responsible Alcohol Use" Letter. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 893 words, 9 June 2002: A6. Pickerington, Matthew G.. "A Lower Drinking age Would Quiet the Riots" Letter. The Columbus Dispatch 296 words, 14 May 2002: 10A. Stoner, Noah. "Dangers Abound with a Lower Drinking Age." Intelligencer Journal 19 January 2002: A-4 . Wilson, Greg . "Pol Says Drop Age, Educate Kids." Daily News (New York) 15 July 2002: 1.

Theory of Evolution :: essays research papers

1809 February 12 - Charles Robert Darwin born at The Mount, Shrewsbury. 1818 - Darwin entered Shrewsbury School. 1825-27 - 22 October Darwin matriculated at Edinburgh University where he studied medicine but operations (without anesthetics) and the sight of blood turned him from that profession. 1827-31 - 15 October Darwin was admitted to Christ's Colledge, Cambridge University, to prepare for a career in the Church. He accepted the Articles of Faith. 1829 Summer - Darwin made an entomological tour of North Wales with Professor F. W. Hope. Darwin's interest in 'bugs and beetles' was longstanding. 1831 - 26 April Darwin received his BA degree. In Spring he began planning a scientific voyage to Canary Islands. 1831 August 29/30 - Darwin received an invitation to serve as unpaid naturalist on the survey ship H.M.S. Beagle, which was to travel around the world. At this point Darwin had no formal training in science. 1831 December 27 - The H.M.S. Beagle sailed from Devonport, England 1832 September 23 - Darwin made his first important fossil find, notably various extinct mammals. 1832 December 16 - Darwin had his first sight of 'Indians' of Tierra de Fuego. 1835 March 26 - Darwin is bittn by Triatoma infestans. 1835 September - Darwin studied geology and the fauna, and flora of Galapagos Islands. Here he made detailed observations, eventually noting of the now-famous 'Darwin's finches' as well as the Galapagos tortoises. 1835 December - Darwin wrote his first known draft of his paper on theory of formation of coral reefs. 1836 October 2 - The H.M.S. Beagle finally returned to England and docked at Falmouth, England. 1837 March 13 - Darwin lives at 36 Great Marlborough Street, London. 1837 May 31 - Darwin read his paper on coral reefs to the London Geological Society 1837 July - Darwin 'Opened first notebook on Transmutation of Species.' 1837 October - Darwin began work leading to Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, edited and superintended by Charles Darwin, published 1840-1843, 5 volumes. 1838 September 28 - Darwin started to read Malthus, and later claimed to have formulated his theory of evolution by natural selection. 1838 November 11 - Darwin propooses marriage to Emma Wedgwood. 1839 January 1 - Darwin moves to 12 Upper Gower Street, London. 1839 January 24 - Darwin elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. 1839 January 29 - Charles Robert Darwin married Emma Wedgwood - Marry, Marry, Marry.

Meeting Stakeholder Quality Needs Essay

Reflective Statement In this module I have had to think about how this company functions in a lot more detail than I have ever done before. It is easy to take for granted some of the work that is done on the quality side of the business. It was interesting to look at and audit my department and discuss with my manager areas where I believe we can improve. The skills I have been taught have given me a new view on the processes I complete and I am now considering alterations and improvements which I did not do before. The module has led me to question why things are done the way they are done, and if there is a better, more efficient way. Finally the concept of stakeholders, whilst not new, has been made more relevant. I am more aware of what I do and how it affects others within Allen Gears. I am more aware of how the company is viewed within the community and the importance that of the community as a stakeholder in the business. 1.1 Determine organisational stakeholders and their expectations Stakeholders can be categorised as any party that has a share or an interest in an undertaking. This could mean literal ownership and shares in a business or an actual interest in a business succeeding as its success is in some way tied to your own. This therefore includes customers, suppliers, employees and the local community. When considering Allen Gears, as an employee I would be considered a stakeholder. The Management team of Directors are stakeholders not only through being employed but not as owners. As a company that pays taxes the government are a stakeholder and as an employee of nearly 200 people the surrounding area would be considered a stakeholder. Another way of determining stakeholders is to identify those who are directly impacted by the project and those who may be indirectly affected. Examples of directly impacted stakeholders are the project team members or a customer who the project is being done f or. Those indirectly affected may include an adjacent organization or members of the local community. Directly affected stakeholders will usually have greater influence and impact of a project than those indirectly affected. Every stakeholder has their own needs and requirements. Each of their requirements will not be the same and may divert along different tangents. For example within Allen gears a concept to produce fewer gearboxes but at higher margin for more profits may sit well with government and shareholders, but if it comes at the cost of jobs and less revenue for suppliers then this would not be in their interests. It is therefore difficult to please all stakeholders at all times as their requirements may be at odds with each other, but awareness of your stakeholders and their expectations can help when you are making decisions that directly or indirectly impact on your stakeholders. 1.2 Discuss methods of meeting stakeholder expectations or requirements Stakeholders can b e defined as all entities that are impacted through a business running its operations and conducting other activities related to its existence. The impact can be direct in the case of the business’s customers and suppliers or indirect in the case of the communities in which the business chooses to place its locations. Businesses must consider the needs and expectations of its stakeholders, though it need not consider them to be of equal importance. Certain stakeholders such as owners and investors are more important than others. Once the business has identified its stakeholders and their importance to the business, it can begin to plan based on their needs and expectations. Each stakeholder has concerns that it expects to be met by the business. For example, the business’s owners expect it to be profitable and to distribute that profit to them while local and federal government agencies expect it to obey the law and pay its taxes on time. The importance of each stakeholder to the business determines the degree to which the business attempts to accommodate the stakeholder in the course of planning its actions. [ (Li, 2013) ] If identifying the stakeholders is the first step then the second step is to plan how you intend to communicate with them. If there is a two way method of communicating not only can you inform the stakeholders that you are meeting their expectations, more importantly they can inform you when you aren’t. These can be as easy as a brief conversation or a detailed as a monthly meeting with the chamber of Commerce. Within Allen Gears I attend several weekly meeting where stakeholder requirements are not only expressed but tracked to make sure we meet pre agreed targets and delivery dates. Any information gathered from communication needs to be disseminated throughout the company. This is so that all aspects of the company are aware of the stakeholder expectations. Once the relevant information is received it can be acted upon and the results can be reported to the stake holder. Within sales our key stakeholders are typically customers. We communicate via meeting, ov er the phone or by e-mail. Typically any requirements that are technical are e-mailed and upon receipt someone in our department is tasked with resolving any questions or requirements. The results are then feedback to the customer. 1.3 Identify methods of communicating stakeholders’ requirements with team members Communication Methods The method to communicate within Allen Gears should be based on: * The type of information to be distributed * The audience requirements * The timeline for a required response [ (Abudi, 2009-2013) ] Within Allen Gears the sales team all sit within speaking distance of one another so it is quite easy to express any immediate stakeholder requirements or issues. For formal clarifications or where a response needs to be documented e-mails are usually the preferred method. These are easy to store and handy to reference in complicated situations or where a large amount of information needs to be given. In sales we also regularly visit our customers who are our primary stakeholders. As we operate around the globe a cheaper alternative to this is conference calls. Any relevant information from these calls or meeting can then be fed back to team members via visit reports or one-to-one sessions. We also operate a database which holds all the latest information gathered or sent to our stakeholders. This is accessible by all members of the sales team. 1.4 Explain processes for updating information on stakeholder requirements Stakeholder requirements will change rarely stay fixed. Dependant on the nature of the stakeholder they can change due to your actions or their situation. Within sales our primary stakeholder is the customer. Part of our sales role is to review the status and satisfaction of the customer. Feedback may indicate that we need to change your approach to stakeholders. Within Allen Gears another key stakeholder is the projects management team. We regularly discuss how to improve and if we can prove a better quality of work. If an improvement is found it is implemented through team meetings and process change. There are a number of implications o f not responding quickly to a change in stakeholder requirements, including wasted resources, broken relationships, and damage to the organisation’s reputation. At Allen Gears one of the tools we employ to update stakeholder requirements is a tender database. This holds the latest information received from our stakeholders and is sorted by each tender or project. Against each entry is a section that records any necessary action to be taken with respect to the latest information received. This tool allows us to maintain a record of the latest information and encourages dialogue with our stakeholders to make sure we are meeting their expectations. 2.1 Discuss the meaning of quality to an organisation When discussing the meaning of quality to an organization it is important to define meaning of quality. For Allen Gears quality could be described as meeting the needs and expectations of our customers. What must also be considered is the cost of achieving that quality. The â€Å"cost of quality† isn’t the price of creating a quality product or service. It’s the cost of not creating a quality product or service. A useful tool to help recognise failures and re-work is the Cost of Quality (CoQ) Model. In this, every activity is classified either as Core Work, Failure, Appraisal or Prevention. The Cost of Quality is the sum of Failure, Appraisal and Prevention costs. This is a relevant way of thinking about waste and failure. Core Work| All work carried out directly for the benefit of a customer, done right the first time. These are real, value-adding activities. Customers would happily pay you good money to do these, on their behalf.| Examples: Delivering service to a customer, manufacturing a product, issuing an invoice, processing an order| Failure| Any activities associated with producing errors, or services that are not right the first time, or dealing with work that was not done right the first time. None of this is â€Å"good†.| Examples: Handling complaints, paying compensation for problem, dealing with queries, responding to help-desk calls, correcting errors, solving problems, repeating previously done work| Appraisal| Any activities carried out to check if work has been done right the first time. Some of these activities are â€Å"good†, if they lead to prevention activities that improve core work.| Examples (good): Audits that lead to improvement, staff performance appra isals Examples (bad): checking somebody else’s work, authorising, counter-signing, QC checks| Prevention| Any activities carried out to ensure other activities can be carried out right the first time. These are â€Å"good† things to do.| Examples: Training, coaching, developing standard operating procedures, identifying customers’ requirements, briefing staff on plans and requirements, developing error-proofed systems, establishing policies| The theory behind the Cost of Quality (CoQ) Model is that, the more time that is spent on Prevention activities, the less time will need to be spent on Appraisal and dealing with Failures. Prevention activities build quality in. Both Appraisal and Failure are â€Å"after the event†, and therefore are too late and add cost. (Seath, 2006) Examples within Allen Gears include: * The reworking of a manufactured item. * The retesting of an assembly. * The rebuilding of a tool. * The correction of a tendered document. In short, any cost that would not have been expended if quality were perfect contributes to the cost of quality. (Campanella, 1999) To reduce the cost of quality a business needs to employ a process that can be reviewed, maintained and assessed so that quality is not only always achieved but is done so in the most efficient manner. 2.2 Identify and apply organisational quality policies and procedures ISO 9001 (OE and Services) ISO 9001 is the internationally recognised standard for the quality management of businesses. It applies to the processes that create and control the products and services an organisation supplies, and prescribes systematic control of activities to ensure that the needs and expectations of customers are met. ISO 9001 is designed and intended to apply to virtually any product or service, made by any process anywhere in the world [ (ISOQAR Limited , 2013) ] There are 6 mandatory procedures required by the ISO 9001 standard. * Control of Documents * Control of Records * Internal audit * Control of non-conformance * Corrective action * Preventive action Within Allen Gears we adhere to all these procedures as standard. Documents are required to have an issue number. Records are controlled and stored by the quality department. Departments are internally audited every six months. As Allen Gears manufactures many parts any non conformance is highlighted and corrective and preventative action is taken as standard. This also happens in all areas of the business but this tends to occur more in manufacture due to the unique and complex nature of our products. ISO 14001 (OE and Services) ISO 14001 is an international standard that specifies a process for controlling and improving a company’s environmental performance. ISO 14001 consists of: * General requirements * Environmental policy * Planning * Implementation and operation * Checking and corrective action * Management review This means you: Identify elements of your business that impact on the environment and gain access to the relevant environmental legislation. Produce objectives for improvement and a management program to achieve them, with regular reviews for continual improvement. Primarily within Allen Gears this relates to the environmental consequences from the manufacture of our products. Allen Gears uses hazardous substances that must be controlled and managed in a safe and an environmental friendly way. Also within our office there is a recycling policy that is part of the overall environmental policy. [ (ISOQAR Limited , 2013) ] ISO 18001 (OE and Services) BS OHSAS 18001 is intended to help businesses control occupational Health and Safety risks. It was developed in response to a widespread demand for a recognised standard of certification, and actually works well with the ISO 14001 standard. It is a framework that allows a business to consistently identify and control its Health and Safety risks, reduce the potential for accidents and legal issues, and improve overall performance. (ISOQAR Limited , 2013) Within Allen Gears this standard requires the completion of risk assessments and risk control.This is especially important within a company that operates heavy machinery, which Allen Gears does. We also required to report all incidents and check for corrective and/or preventative action. 2.3 Determine how to encourage staff to contribute ideas to improve quality At Allen Gears due to the specialised nature of our gearboxes everything that we do is centred on providing a quality, bespoke product. To that end the ideas and practices of promoting quality are ingrained into the company structure. We are consistently looking at improving and checking that processes are as efficient as possible. We have several methods which we use to encourage staff to suggest ideas to improve quality. Allen Gears runs a suggestion box which looks for quality improvements and process improvements. This is reviewed weekly and there is a monthly cash prize for the best idea which promotes staff participation. Staff are appraised and performance is discussed. Key performance indicators are agreed and these relate to quality as well as productivity. The appraisals are a two-way dialogue therefore staff have a chance to highlight areas of concern and methods to improve quality. Staff are encouraged to participate, give their thoughts and are made to feel that it is a safe environment to make suggestions. Around the business there are information screens which give all member of the company the latest information on how we are performing as a company against agreed targets. This shows the parts of the business that are on target and the parts that are not. This helps the business to focus on the areas that need the most attention. Given the importance of quality, you can never have too many ways to encourage improvements. Using a â€Å"negative focus† is one of those methods. The rea lity is that when members of staff make errors or mistakes, someone has to do extra work to make up for the issues at hand. Typically this is at an extra cost or within a short time frame than the original work. When you link poor quality to extra work, you challenge employees to face reality for themselves and others. Mistakes and errors have a negative impact. The way to reverse this situation is to reduce or eliminate them and by highlighting the issues employees are motivated to think of solutions. 2.4 Conduct a quality audit and make recommendations for improvement One of the most important objectives of an internal quality audit is measuring the effectiveness of an organization’s quality management system. For this to happen, executive management must first meet its overriding responsibility of establishing and maintaining a system regarding quality policy, goals, resources, processes and effective performance–including monitoring and measuring the system’s effectiveness and efficiency. For example below is a portion the sales process for enquiries that is to be audited. Audits are conducted to verify whether processes are conducted in accordance with documented processes, BS EN ISO 9001, customer requirements, and legislation and for aerospace processes, subject to AS9100. Compliance against Rolls-Royce and customer specifications may also be audited. Audits shall be used to determine the effectiveness of the quality system and the results fed back to top The ultimate aim of the audit process is to identify weaknesses within the Allen Gears processes – as continuously improving these will prevent quality and delivery issues. Scheduled internal audits of compliance with company procedures and BS EN ISO 9001, AS9100 checklist covering all teams having an influence on the quality of the product or the environment. Unscheduled audits of any area, function or activity as deemed necessary. In instances of non-conformance to procedures, BS EN ISO 9001 or AS9100 an ‘Audit Failure Entry’ (Corrective Action Request) shall be raised for each clause or procedure contravened. Each Corrective Action Request will be given a unique number via the IBS system. The Auditor shall discuss non-conformities with the Manager and agree a mutually acceptable rectification plan and close out date. This shall be recorded on the GD233-2. Should t he auditor have difficulties in obtaining a commitment to rectify a non-compliance, then the Director or MD shall be consulted. It is the process owner’s responsibility to close down non-conformances with their area. A table listing the questions and corrective actions based on the Sales report can be seen below: Question| Y/N| Examples /documentation| Issues?| Corrective action/Recommendations for improvement| Have all members of the sales team got access to the standard practices and process?| Yes| On the desktop of every computer or laptop is a shortcut to Allen Gears Standard Procedures. Members of staff are made aware of this and part of the training is to go through this in detail| No issues| No corrective action required| Are all staff aware of the standard practices and processes for their job role?| Yes| From discussions all members of the sales team are aware of the standard practices. These practices require that documentation and databases are filled in. The staff completing these tasks is an example of their awareness| No Issues| No corrective action required| Are tenders highlighted as highly likely or unlikely?| Yes| Within the tender database there is a section for highlighting the likely hood. Part of the tendering process is to complete this.| On a few tenders this part of t he tender database has been left empty leaving it unclear whether the tender is likely or not.| A regular review of the database to make sure all aspects are fully completed and filled in.| Are the tender database and tender files kept updated| Partially| The tender database was reviewed and there were examples of recent correspondence with customers.| The tender database has a section that records actions and the date they are due to be completed by and there is evidence that this part of the database has not been updated for some tenders. A print out of files that have not been updated is issued but not acted upon| A regular review of the database to make sure all aspects are fully completed and filled in. Meetings to unsure that the information is up to date| Are customers contacted regularly for information?| Yes| Important e-mails are forwarded to management and are also recorded in the database. Phones and correspondence is recorded in the database. Weekly meetings are held to discuss ke y projects. This meetings are recorded in Outlook| No Issues| No corrective action required| Are bid no bid reviews completed?| Partially| Bid no bid reviews are recorded in outlook as a weekly Monday meeting.| If an enquiry comes in that requires immediate attention,(or needs resolution before the next Monday) there is no structure for impromptu bid no bid reviews| An alternative method of reviewing short term proposals and projects should be formulated.| Are Specification reviews completed?| Partially| There is evidence of specification reviews taking place for highly likely projects only| If a project that was not likely becomes likely it may not have been reviewed to a sufficient level and this will not be recorded.| Within the tender database there should be a section to record that a review has taken place. A tick box would suffice. It is not necessary to review all projects.| Are tender documents produced in accordance with the sales process?| Yes| There is evidence within th e tender files of General Arrangement drawings, tenders and datasheets. They are stored correctly and completed to the required standard.| No Issues| No corrective action required| Are tenders turned down and closed down in accordance with the sales process?| Partially| There is evidence of tenders that are dead, but they have not been closed out to a sufficient level| The major issue is that reports that are run will include incorrect data| The database and tender files need to be checked more regularly to ensure that data held is accurate| Is all order documentation completed correctly and within the minimum timescale?| Yes| There is evidence in the tender files of all the documentation in accordance with Allen Gears procedures being completed and examples and notes from the necessary pre order meetings. This shows that orders are completed to the required standard| No Issues| No corrective action required| 3.1 Discuss the concept of, and need for, continuous improvement A culture of continuous improvement is necessary to enhance productivity and free up the capacity that will provide manufacturers a stable foundation to pursue innovation and growth. (The National Institute of Standards and Technology , 2011 ) For a business it means that you are constantly and consistently improving your competitive position by improving efficiency, quality, innovation, or any other attribute that is vital to the system or process within the business. If you do not continuously improve any number of bad outcomes can occur. Customers stop buying, profitability declines and morale decreases. The plan–do–check–act cycle (Figure 1) is a four–step model for carrying out change. Just as a circle has no end, the PDCA cycle should be repeated again and again for continuous improvement. Figure 1: Plan-do-check-act cycle When to Use Plan–Do–Check–Act: * As a model for continuous improvement. * When starting a new improvement project. * When developing a new or improved design of a process, product or service. * When defining a repetitive work process. * When planning data collection and analysis in order to verify and prioritize problems or root causes. * When implementing any change. [ (American Society for Quality, 2004) ] Within Allen Gears we use the plan-do-check-act cycle. Typically on a quarterly basis we brainstorm and produce evaluation matrices based on areas where we believe we can bring about change and improvement. Recently we investigated reducing the total time spent in productivity meetings. As they involve several members of management and take 30-45 minutes, any time saved would be seen as a quantifiable improvement. Following the evaluation process we began the trialling of a new method for displaying productivity figures for our weekly meeting. This was a small scale test to see if time was saved. After a month there was agreement that this method made it easier to analyse where productivity was falling and where staff were not being utilised efficiently. This meant the meetings where shorter. This display method is now used in several other areas of the business to display their productivity figures on a monthly and quarterly basis. 3.2 Assess work activities and identify areas for improvement In my roles as a Sales Engineer my key deliverables and work activities are to: * Produce proposals in response to client’s enquiries. * Manage the interfaces of Engineering, procurement, Commercial and Tendering inputs to ensure all proposals are commercially and technically robust. * Manage and agree prioritisations of Engineering, procurement, Commercial and Tendering to ensure clients required dates are adhered too. * Communicate with customers throughout proposal preparation, post submission and ongoing, in order to develop long term customer relationships. * Undertake customer visits in support of the sales strategy. Producing proposals is an important part of informing the customer how the gearbox Allen Gears intends to produce is aligned with what they have requested. Currently there are parts of the proposal that are standardised. Whilst it would not be possible to standardise the whole proposal there are steps that could be taken to reduce the overall time to complete a proposal with standardisation. The management of the process by which parts of the business provide input for proposals is also not effici ent. Whilst communication is good it could be improved. The information received varies between members of staff and there is not a set process which details what should be received and the timescales. If this was implemented the process could be benchmarked and we would have a clearer understanding of the issues that cause delays when completing proposals. Customer communication is an important part of any business and at Allen Gears one of my key activities is to receive and act on any feedback from customers with regards to the proposals we are sending. Allen Gears currently has a very good method of collating this information and we use it as a benchmarking tool to review if we are meeting customer expectations. Whilst the tool is very effective there is always room for improvement. The tool should be reviewed for effectiveness. There is some data that is not captured within the system and on review some data that is captured but not relevant. By reviewing the tool Allen Gears can continually assess it for effectiveness and make sure it is always providing the most useful information. 3.3 Encourage staff to contribute ideas for continual improvement In these current times of austerity any competitive advantage must be realised as securing orders and making profit become increasingly difficult. By recognising the current climate and highlighting the situation within Allen Gears it is possible to get employees to suggest methods and processes which can cut costs and help the company win business. Allen Gears has tried to encourage its employees to look at processes that they are completing regularly and consider improvements. If you concentrate on nurturing the process, the results will come as a natural consequence. Everyone has processes and every process can be improved. Unintended variation in our processes leads to undesirable variation in the outcomes of our processes. If you discuss the process with process stakeholders they will be able to suggest ideas for process improvement. Another option is to provide incentives for employees who innovate. By creating a culture within Allen Gears where creative thinking and innovation is rewarded rather than frowned upon will help to constantly generate new ways that employees can function better individually and as teams, as well as improving the way the company operates as a whole. Throughout Allen Gears mangers should look for problems that need to be solved within the organisation. There is no such thing as a perfect company. A company that thinks it has nothing to improve on will certainly improve nothing. If Allen Gears or any company proactively looks for areas where your company could improve, it will give you targets to focus the energies of your employees on. Another idea is to promote the idea concept of experimentation. An organisation that is truly committed to continuous improvement is filled with people who are comfortable with learning from what doesn’t work. An organisation where people are afraid of consequences will never be successful at continuous improvement. At Allen Gears we have a research and development team where a large portion of what they produce is experimental. Bibliography Abudi, G. (2009-2013). Abudi Consulinting group. Retrieved March 6, 2013, from GinaAbudi.com: http://www.ginaabudi.com/methods-for-distributing-information-on-projects/ Ad Esse Consulting Ltd. (2008). Managing your Stakeholders. Retrieved March 6, 2013, from ad esse: http://www.ad-esse.com/resources/documents/Articles/managing_stakeholders.pdf American Society for Quality. (2004). Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Cycle . Retrieved March 2013, from American Society for Quality: http://asq.org/learn-about-quality/project-planning-tools/overview/pdca-cycle.html Campanella, J. (1999). Principles of Quality Costs: Principles, Implementation, and Use, Third Edition,. ASQ Quality Press. ISOQAR Limited . (2013). ISO 9001 (QMS). Retrieved from ISOQAR – Part of the Alcumus Group: http://www.alcumusgroup.com/isoqar/standards/iso9001-quality/ Li, A. (2013). How Do the Needs & Expectations of Stakeholders Influence a Program’s Plan? Retrieved March 6, 2013, from Demand Media: http://smallbu siness.chron.com/needs-expectations-stakeholders-influence-programs-plan-36119.html The National Institute of Standards and Technology . (2011 , April 10). U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved from The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST): http://www.nist.gov/mep/ngs-continuous-improvement.cfm Seath, I. J. (2006, October 19). Cost of Quality – the forgotten tool? Retrieved April 30, 2013, from http://www.performance-measurement.net/news-detail.asp?nID=222

Business Law Assignment

MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE OF SINGAPORE IN COLLABORATION WITH UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT BUSINESS LAW ASSIGNMENT Presented by Name| FIN/IC Number| Participation Marks Awarded| Gerry Vicentius Sajuti| G1180480U| | Diana Ong Cabillan| G5304258P| | Cecillia Satryo| G1188819X| | ANALYSIS| /40%| RESEARCH| /30%| ORGANIZATION| /15%| PRESENTATION| /15%| Date of Submission: 16 OCTOBER 2012 Name of Lecturer: DANIEL THEYAGU DECLARATION This is to declare that this is our original work and we have not plagiarise any information from any other works.We understand that plagiarism is a serious issue and if found guilty our work will be rejected and possible we will be barred from the examination. We have verified all information given and have effectively referenced the sources. If after graduation it is found that our work is not original we stand a chance of having our Diploma revoked by the institution concern. Name: Gerry Vicentius Sajuti Signature: ____________ _______ Name: Diana Ong Cabillan Signature: ___________________ Name: Cecillia SatryoSignature: ____________________ CONTENTS PAGE QUESTION ONE DIAGRAM OF SINGAPORE COURT STRUCTURESUB-ORDINATE COURT OF SINGAPORE * One of the two tiers in court system of singapore * There are 15 various of subordinate courts. HIGH COURT OF SINGAPORE * consists of the chief justice of Singapore and the judges of the high court * exercises supervisory and revisionary jurisdiction * bound by decisions of the court of appeal SUPREME COURT * two tiers of the court system in Singapore * consists of the court of appeal and the high court COURT OF APPEAL OF SINGAPORE * It's court of final appeal * consists chief justice of singapore * The seat called supreme court building Appellate jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters under the principle of stare decisis court appeal are binding on the high court ; sub-ordinate court Essay on Question One A 15 years old teenager will be convicted in some minor cases d espite of his reasoning. In the classic situation,in which the police first obtain a confession,discover some other evidence,while in the contrast all the decision will be depend on the judge of the court. Sometimes to prevent unfairness and hold the consistency,judges will use stare decisis which are bounded by higher court's decision depend on the similarity of cases situation.If the young teenager case get the same situation as previous case,it has a big possibilty for the judge to give the same decisions. Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal In Singapore,the highest court is the Court of Appeal that only implements the appellate jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters. In civil it usually begins from the High Court. You can have an appeal when the High Court judge is on leave,or when the amount or value of the cases is below $25,000. The Court should only accept evidence that was passed by the court below however new evidence should pass by on special ground .When it comes to Criminal matters,the Court of Appeal cannot hear an appeal when the orders were already made by the High Court from the Subordinate Court except when it exercise original criminal jurisdiction in the latter part. When the High court already made a decision to a convicted person,the Court of Appeal may permit the person to have an appeal if it believes that it has a reasonable doubt and the sentence should be reduced. Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction of the High Court In Singapore,the High Court is the lower division of Supreme Court that implements the appellate and original jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters.The high court has power in any written law relating to divorce,bankruptcy and matters of admiralty. In implementing appellate civil jurisdiction the hearing should come from the District Courts,Magistrates’ Courts and other tribunal. When it comes to permitting for an appeal,it should be approved by one of the Court above where the amount does n ot exceed $50,000. In appellate criminal jurisdiction, the criminal cases came from the District and Magistrates’ Courts. The High Court will not overturn the judgment that has been made unless the law is wrong or circumstances are inadequate.In this situation the Court should follow some orders like reversing the decision or enhancing the sentenced that was given and the rest. The jurisdiction of the various divisions of court in the Subordinate circuit Subordinate court is one of the two tiers in court system of singapore beside of supreme court. There are 15 various of subordinate courts. Community Court To prevent and reduce the incidence of crimes and to ensure that those suspected,accused or convicted of crimes is the goal of Community Court. Cases that has been settle by community court e. g. ike selected offenders with mental disorders,family violence cases,those below 21 years accused of theft, and etc. Family Court Family court is legalised on 1st march 1995,which i s contributed in settle family-related disputes. Family court is now unified court,dealing with all family proceeding in Singapore,Philosophy of the Family Court is to strenghten family ties and preserved. Coroner's Court Coroner's Court carried out for a sudden death such as accidents on the highway,in a jail cell,and suicide. Basicly,the Crime Forensic team analyze the death body of victim and report the result to the court.Later,the trial judge's decision will result in the stated cause of death : are pure death, by accident, or open to further investigation. Neighborhood Court Treatment for cases occurring within family dealt by Neigborhood Court. The cases handled include family violence,disputes within the scope of the community,attempted suicide,law violations even animal cruelty. Traffic Court On the highway frequently found violations caused user negligence from the mere breach of signs to accidents causing casualties that is handled by the Singapore Traffic Court after rec eiving reports of violations.The violations include drunk driving or traffic violations by the Land Transport Authority or the traffic police declared there was no other way that can be taken for that incident. Night Court Offenders who are employee so they can attend the hearing after working hours,Singapore has Night Court for that reason. The court was held on weekdays beginning at 6 pm. There are two division of night court,Court 26N for issue noticed by government's departments and Court 25N for traffic violation. Bail CourtLiterally bail is a guarantee on a case,so that a case can be suspended with pay administration with a certain amount of money. In the bail court the defendant have to pay a sum of money that will go into the cash bail with respect to certain conditions and by the affirm of the Chamber Magistrate,the defendant can be released. Juvenile Court The Juvenile Court only assumes jurisdiction over children below 14 and young person between 14 until 16 years old. So the offender of the case must below 16 years old when h/she is first charged in the Juvenile Court.If it's above of it Juvenile Court will relinquishes its jurisdiction. Mentions Court There are two division of Criminal Mentions Court one deal with District Arrest Cases(DACs) and Magistrates Arrest Cases(MACs). Mention Court usually get ready for prosecution to charge an accused person,no longer than 2 days after his arrest and remand. Filter Court Filter Court as know as holding court which filter cases into other trial court. Beside deal with disposal enquiries,it also deal about night court cases where the accussed person claimed trial and some minor cases that require up to a day trial.Civil Court Most of civil court defendant got fined instead of jail. Lawsuit that hold by civil court include a range of areas e. g. for landlord-tenant conflicts,credit card payment disputes,breach of contract for accidental compensation disputes etc Centralised Sentencing Court By some specifie d cases,The judge will sentence the offender has plead guilty. District Court The penalty of district court may be imprisonment of not more than 7 years,a fine of approximately $ 10,000 flogging up to 12 strokes, or reformative training.District court also handle other cases such as misuse of drug,corruption,company,and security industry. Magistrate Court Court that handling case that punishment less than cases in district court,called Magistrate Court. It handling the case that the sentence less than 3 years. The sentences can be prisoned for no more than 2 years,fine less than $2,000,caning up to 3 strokes. This court also have authority to handle common gaming house,film,miscellaneous offence cases. Criminal Court Penalty of criminal court may be include both jail and fine for a sum of amount.Cases that handle by criminal court e. g. for corruption,immigration,employment of illegal foreign worker etc QUESTION TWO BUSINESS ENTERPRISE FEATURES ESSAY PART 2 PROCESS AND PROCEDURE Ste p1 Company Formation Before we're going to register our company,first of all we must have a company formation. Company need a name that belongs to their trade sign that belongs to themselves, the name must be approve before incorporation of company in Singapore occur. Beside of it,we need to fulfil for directors,shareholders,secretary,paid-up capital,registered address and taxation Step2 Name ApprovalTo set up a company,it must be approved first by filling the application with company registrar. Generally company name is being rejected/approval notification through in less than 1 hour unless it got some similarity with other registered name. To make this step faster at least you must not have identical name to any existing name of company,doesn't infringe with any trademark,is not obscene or vulgar,is not already reserved. An approved name will be reserved 60 days from the date of application. Step3 Singapore Company RegistrationOnce the name has been approved,approval from company registrar will also be approved in few hours assuming that incorporation documents are ready and have been signed by the directors and shareholders of the company. Some cases will delay the incorporation procedure if the director or shareholder of the company come from certain nationalities,but it seldom happen. In such case,authorities will ask for some additional question. For a private limited company need to pay S$ 300 for registration fee. Step4 Goods and Service Tax Registration GST tax is also known as Value Added Tax (VAT) or Sales tax.If you company is GST registered,you need to charged for 7% to your customer from the price of goods and services you provide and in turn this amount to authority. GST registration is not mandatory if your company’s annual turnover does not exceed S$1 million. Step5 Singapore Business Licenses You need to obtain a business license or not is depend on your company activities after you have incorporate your company but before you can comm ence your business operations. There are few business need to obtain the licenses e. g. for travel agencies,financial services, import/export of goods and restaurants Step6 Registration Document IssuesThe company registrar will send an official email confirming the incorporation company that include company registration number and certificate of it. It will be charged for S$50 for getting the hard copy at the following day (hardcopy is not being issued in singapore) A business profile of the company can be obtained from the Company Registrar by making a request online and paying a small application fee. Generally, the document (a PDF file) is available for download within an hour of the request and contains company name,registration number,incorporation date,principal activities etc Step7 Annual filing requirements for Singapore companiesThe Companies Act dictates certain annual filing requirements and formalities, once your company has been incorporated. ESSAY PART THREE Manufactur ing food and beverages is one of the everlasting business that can be do by some entrepreneur. It is very difficult to a food and beverages company become bankrupt,because everyday people need any kind of food and drink,for their meal or just for snack time,that's what makes the company continues to manufacture their products regularly, without fear that the products not sold or foul.The important things to start this kind of company and compete with its competitors in the same field is just the innovation that the company can give to their products that can attract consumer to buy their product. Private Limited Company become the better choice for this kind of business,because in Private Limited Company,they just have less than 20 share holders in company, even usually only about 3-5 people so as not to split a lot of the number of shares, because it will have an impact on the amount of dividen to be gained per person.This form of business make the company easy to develop,because n ot many hands meddling in the decision-making problems. In the other hand,the profit that company can gain from food and beverages is very high,because the raw materials for food is very cheap and the price could soar exponentially when the raw material is processed so attractive that has marketability. Indeed, the pattern of this kind of business, the cost of the company set up is very big, because we need each cost for land, raw materials, and to employ the employee.However this is the essence of this kind of business itself, each shareholder in the company is required to use existing capital as well as possible with the expectation that the future will gain more trade which in business terms is the return on investment. Therefore, when we talk about the profits, with such a large, the dividends to be gained would be very big for each shareholder. Moreover,for the developing of company, very easy to use the money from the profits earned for research, product development, adding ne w areas of business.Entirely it depend on how the shareholders' meeting decided to pay dividends to shareholders or hold it and included as cash for capital expenditure. For the management area, with less number of individuals who join in the shareholder, make it easier for companies to work professionally, because often when many shareholders -the personal shareholders, not through the stock market- which mostly are entrepreneurs, trying to put those beliefs on the board of directors or corporate staff . Sometimes it makes management of work not in accordance with the directives f the shareholders' meeting, but rather subject to the people who put them in that position, so that the special interests are often saddled to the person. It was the worst possibility of many businessmen who joined in management Related to the law, all things relating to the company's very easy to handle. Company is a legal entity. With regard to the loss suffered by the company, if the company suffered a loss, then the bear is not a personal, but overall the company was sentenced to, for example experiencing bankruptcy.The company also will not stop operating when one of its shareholders resign or died, because by law, it will be inherited by the heir or other appropriate policy decisions made together. In addition, the form of a company like this, we can easily develop food and beverage products at once with just one company name that in there will be divided into several divisions related, so it does not need a lot of company name to classify each of our products. MISLEADING QUESTION THREE This advertisement is misleading because it can’t immediately delete or heals a skin problem by one treatment, it has steps to be followed.Aside from it, they offer the iPhone 5 if they go to the clinic to make the consultation and treatment that can only be avail by new customers with skin problems. They also wrote term and conditions require to get free treatment in small size below of the advertisement. UNILATERAL OFFER UNILATERAL OFFER This advertisement include in ‘Unilateral Offer' because they clearly detached all the information about the stuff they sell include the fixed price with seen able size in the red shape without further bargaining needed.Beside of it, ‘everything priced to clear' means the price fixed until out of stock in 4 days from the day newspaper published. They even stated all the places we can find courts to buy those stuff without term and condition required for everyone. Invitation to offer Invitation to Offer This is an invitation to treat advertisement,because this advertisement is not clear. They just give the rate price for each destination,and the price also started with word ‘from’ that mean the price is not the fix price and need further negotiation with the customer to meet the agreement for the price that benefit each other.They also don’t give the due date of the promo,so it very uncertain and cu stomer need to check it periodically. QUESTION THREE PART THREE ADVERTISEMENT OF TRUE OFFER FOR SALE!!! SECONDHAND BAKERY OVEN For S$1500/ not negotiable Age: 5 months old Colour: Silver For those who are interested you can call me at this number: 85986051 Or via email at [email  protected] com This is an advertisement called unilateral offer means anyone can buy this bakery oven. One reason why this is a true offer is, the intention of the party is clear and it’s stated there the information about the oven like the age, and colour in the price of S$1500.Aside from this, it also stated there that the price of the oven is not negotiable. ADVERTISEMENT OF INVITATION TO TREAT DOradora Pte. Ltd Jurong point #01-16 tel. 63970989 ipod case Fr $12 cup cake Fr $3 cake Fr $39 Hurry come and grab all about doraemon start Fr $3 Fr $399 This advertisement belongs to invitation to treat because it don't stated clearly what's the specific of computer stuff they sell and they also invite us to buy their thing with the price that needed for further bargaining (not fix yet),it attached for word ‘from'. Not all commercial there for $3, it means for the cheapest thing like doraemon cupcake start from $3.REFERENCE http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore http://app. subcourts. gov. sg/subcourts/page. aspx? pageid=53865 http://app. supremecourt. gov. sg/default. aspx? pgID=43 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Singapore#Appellate_civil_jurisdiction http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Singapore#Ranking http://app. subcourts. gov. sg/Data/Files/File/InforBooklet_Brochures/Brochure_Crime_CommCt. pdf Introduction to Business Law in Singapore Ravi Chandran Singapore Business Law 2nd ed. Benny S Tabalujan http://www. acra. gov. sg INDIVIDUAL GROUP MEMBER CONTRIBUTION | PART I| PART II| PART III|GERRY VICENTIUS SAJUTI| * Diagram * Subordinate Court| * Diagram of features * Diagram of disadvantages ; advantages * Explanation of the business enterprise| * Invitation to Treat advertisement * Explanation of the advertisement| DIANA ONG CABILLAN| * Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction of Court Appeal * Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction of High Court| * Disadvantages and Advantages * Diagram of the process and procedure of business| * Misleading Advertisement * Explanation of the advertisement * Create and Explaination of own example of True Offer| CECILLIA SATRYO| * Diagram * Subordinate Court| * Features * Essay of process and procedure of business| * True Offer advertisement * Explanation of the advertisement * Create and Explanation of own example of Invitation to Treat| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Our heartiest gratitude and respect to our lecturer,  Mr. Daniel Theyagu for his attractive class lecture and helpful manner to guide us in improving our submitted assignment. We are also thankful to those who help us while doing the assignment We think that : GOD HELP THOSE WHO HELPS THEMSELVES As we see this sentence is very small l but it has a very vast meaning. It means that when a person help himself then God also support him for doing the work. We would like to dedicate this assignment to our parents and lecturer and to those entire people who supported us do this assignment.